JMT series, part 7-2 (note 32)

This is the final post on music mentioned in the notes to my article "The Ascending Urlinie" (Journal of Music Theory, 1987). One additional post will return to the main text of the article, in response to a published analysis of the menuet in Beethoven's Piano Sonata, Opus 22.

Note 32 is about the registral variant ^5-^6-(reg.)^7-^8. Here is a link to the first post about this form: link.

In the note I mention Beethoven, String Quartet, op. 74, IV. Comment in the note: "where ^6 is somewhat extended."

In looking at the score of this quartet again, I see that my placement of this movement under the registral variant doesn't make sense. Since it is equally reasonable to hear movements I & III in terms of backgrounds with rising lines, I now suspect "IV" was an error, a typo for either "I" or "III." I intend to examine both earlier movements in the essay I am preparing based on the JMT-series blog posts. Here, however, I will keep attention on IV, whose rising line is prominent indeed.

The fourth movement is not an Allegro molto or Vivace finale, but instead a set of variations on an Allegretto theme. Here is the theme, and as the score and annotations show, there really is no doubt about the status of a focal tone ^5 and an ascending Urlinie at the end.

Five variations follow, plus a extended coda that starts out sounding like another variation. Variations 1-3 & 5 maintain the clarity of the rising line -- variation 2 (below) even gives to the first violin a simple reduction of the line! Variation 4 (not shown here) has a new melody in the first violin; it is centered on and closes on ^3 (G4).

A distinctive feature of the theme that is repeated in the first three variations is the old cadenza perfetta 6-8 figure appearing in both the half-cadence to G that ends the first strain and in the final cadence to the tonic.

The coda-qua-variation-6 (or variation 6 with coda character) can be read with the shapes of the theme in the first violin part, but the bass is strange indeed, so that it's hard to know quite what to make of the upper voice(s). The durations of the theme are maintained: bars 3-10 = theme, bars 1-8;
bars 11-14 = theme, bars 9-12, continuation phrase 1; bars 15-22 = theme, bars 13-20, expanded continuation phrase 2. The coda to this variation (or coda to this coda) runs an additional 53 bars. Within that the gesture of a "structural cadence" does appear in bars 39-42 -- see the bottom of the example below. At this moment, at least, the rising line is gone, but after the theme and five (six?) variations, the gesture seems rather hollow, a formula there because it's expected.

Minor key series, part 12 (Beethoven)

Beethoven's 32 Variations in C minor, WoO80, were composed in 1806 and published in 1807. The lack of an opus number might be related to the composer's rejection of the work later in his life. Certainly, its evocation of the Baroque chromatic chaconne bass and continuous variation design seems out of place among the large-scale, heroic music of Beethoven's middle period (he also wrote the Third Symphony and the Violin Concerto in 1806, for example). And not only is WoO80 rather old-fashioned for the first decade of the 19th century, but it also is not up to the standard of the "Eroica" variations written earlier (1802) or the Diabelli Variations written much later (1819/1823).

To the point here, the theme offers an obvious opportunity for a rising line in the minor, an opportunity that Beethoven does not exploit, however, as we shall see below. There is one rising line among the 32 variations, but it is in the maggiore variation 14.

The chromatic chaconne bass in bars 1-6 moves against a rising line in the right hand, the overall result being to move both bass and melody from ^1 to ^5, but of course in opposite directions. The wedge goes one step further in the sforzando subdominant chord but then the simple octaves fall sharply (and quietly). The potential for a variant of an ascending Urlinie, however, is introduced by that subdominant chord -- I have marked how it might be realized in scale degrees. As it stands, the clearest implicit figure is a displaced neighbor G5-Ab5-G4 (bars 6 and 7).

In the variations, Beethoven makes much of the dramatic contrast between the first six bars and the cadence. Since he includes the rise-and-fall gesture in many cases, the clear expression of a rising line is not possible. Variation 5 is typical. The arrows at (a) chart the wedge in the melody, which does reach ^6, but then the convoluted drop-off leaves one assuming an implied completion of the neighbor figure, so, G6-Ab6-(G6).

The primary impediment to an ascending Urlinie in the variations is Beethoven's abandonment of the subdominant supporting ^6 for an expanded dominant, as in Variation 6, where bars 6-7 are a dominant seventh or ninth.

Variation 12 is the first of five maggiore variations. The arrow points to the sixth scale degree that ought to make a continued ascent in the cadence easy to manage.

Variation 14, finally, does realize a rising line. An initial ascent brings ^3 (at "x") up to ^5 (at "y"). A first attempt at the line from ^5 to ^8 follows (see "z"), and bars 7-8 do the work with clarity and resolve (thus, ^5 in bar 3 moves to ^6 in bar 7 and the line then finishes the ascent).

Minor key series, part 8b (Bacquoy-Guedon, LeRoux, Böhm)

Alexis Bacquoy-Guedon published a dance treatise in the 1780s. I have written about his musical examples before, on my dance music blog: link; and also twice on this blog: link, link,

The last of the posts linked to above shows his 4th Menuet in G major, with its trio, which is the item of interest here.

The underlying figure g (simple ascent with ^#6 and i-IV-V-i) is revealed by adding a likely bass below the Urlinie:

I discussed a two-harpsichord gigue and a courante with an added contra partie by Gaspard LeRoux in the continuation post of part 3: link. Here is another piece from the same collection (1705), this time a sarabande with 11 variations. To avoid confusion in case you look at the score yourself, I will follow the numbering Fuller uses, where the sarabande (theme) is called couplet 1, the first variation couplet 2, etc. (The 1705 edition has no labels.)

In one common French design for a published suite, a larger scale piece, usually a chaconne, ends the suite of dances and character pieces. Here the design is almost that: (unmeasured) Prelude, Allemande, Courante, "La Bel-abat," Piece sans titre, Gigue, Sarabande [with variations], Menuet. As elsewhere in the collection, the sarabande itself is provided with an alternative trio arrangement, but the variations are given just a continuo bass. I am uncertain what that signifies for an actual performance option.

The first phrase of the sarabande is reproduced below in Alfred Fuller's edition. I will not cite any more of it in order to respect copyright. In the 1705 edition, however, the left hand part is written in baritone clef (like the bass clef but a third higher), and so I will present the alternate trio version of the theme instead.

The six phrases of the theme are distributed in the common asymmetrical design where A has two and B has the other 4. Section A ends in III, and midway through section B we reach V in a half cadence. What is remarkable is that in the solo version, Le Roux uses the dully repetitive figure of the first treble part in the entire B-section, not the considerably more interesting melody of the second treble part.

Phrases 5 & 6 in couplet 2 (that is, the first variation) are shown below. I have "transposed" the left hand part to the common bass clef. The cadence in the upper register is striking, but from a traditional Schenkerian viewpoint, we have to call the uppermost voice boundary play growing out of two cover tones--see the graph below the score.

Four other couplets use rising lines, three of them at the end, as in couplet 2 above. In couplet 6, almost continuous 16th-note arpeggios in the right hand are all set in the upper octave. In couplets 4 & 10, a clear descending cadence is placed in phrase 5, to which the upper octave in phrase 6 sounds like a coda flourish. The most interesting use of the rising line is the opening, not the end, of couplet 2 -- see below, where phrases 1 & 2 chart the octave from Bb4 to Bb5, step by step. (Note that I have not moved the left hand to bass clef this time.)   Below the score I have marked the sources of all these steps in the trio version of the sarabande theme, demonstrating again Le Roux's quite free attitude toward his theme (these are *not* simple figural variations).

The last example comes from one of the many German composers who imitated French keyboard styles and genres in the 17th and early 18th centuries: Georg Böhm, whose Suite in F minor contains a courante with an ascending Urlinie. Volume 1 of the Sämtliche Werke edition (published in 1952) includes eleven suites, two of them in F minor. This courante is from the second of those suites. Note that it uses the Dorian signature (three flats rather than the four we would expect for F minor).

Here is an analysis showing the background..

Finally, a background/first middleground graph, with the inner voice. I chose to show the bass for i6 with a closed note rather than an open note, but the outline of figure g is still clear.

Between Haydn and Schubert, part 2

Sophia Dussek was born into the Corri family, Italian musicians resident in Edinburgh, Scotland. By the 1790s, she was in London and spent most of her professional career as a composer, teacher, and music publisher there.

The tune she used for the first of Three Favorite Airs, with Variations for the Harp, book 1 (publication date unknown: could be as early as 1794 or as late as 1825), however, is Welsh and very familiar: "Ar hyd y nos," known in English as "All Through the Night." Three of the four phrases in this simple tune are the same, and each has a perfect authentic cadence. Note the tight frame of tonic chords that results:

The frame goes further, though: the opening gesture is repeated in reverse to close, resulting in a rising cadence gesture (bracket):

In the first variation, Dussek applies ornamenting upper thirds to the G and A—(a) bar 3. In the final iteration of the theme phrase, these reach as far as D5—see the end of (b)—and generate the phantasm of a line from ^3.

Variation 2 reverts to, and strongly foregrounds, the rising line of the theme, in the first statement (a) and in the last (b):

The final variation adopts 16th note figuration. In the first statement (a) the line from G5 through A5 to Bb5 is clear from the accented position of the notes, the upper ornaments having even less effect than they did in variation 1. The final statement (b), however, breaks out of the tune altogether for the sake of a forceful and virtuosic ending. With circle notes, I have marked a conventional descent from ^5 over the bass.